The term “cancer” refers to a group of more than 100 diseases characterized by the uncontrolled (malignant) growth of cells that invade tissues and organs and can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. These cells proliferate rapidly, are aggressive and uncontrollable, forming tumors (accumulations of cancer cells) or malignant neoplasms. In contrast, benign tumors are localized masses of cells that reproduce slowly, resemble the original tissue, and generally do not pose a life-threatening risk.

2. Aging: The risk of cancer increases with age as cells have more opportunities to accumulate mutations over time.

3. Exposure to Carcinogens: Exposure to chemical substances and carcinogens in the environment can increase the risk of cancer. This includes exposure to tobacco, air pollutants, ionizing radiation, and industrial chemicals.

4. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for several types of cancer, such as lung, mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, and pancreas cancer.

5. Diet and Obesity: A diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed foods, saturated fats, and red meat can contribute to cancer development. Obesity is also associated with a higher risk of cancer.

6. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation: Excessive exposure to UV radiation from the sun or tanning beds can increase the risk of skin cancer.

7. Infections: Certain chronic viral and bacterial infections are associated with an increased risk of cancer, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B and C.

8. Hormones: Hormonal changes can influence certain types of cancer, such as breast and prostate cancer. This includes hormone replacement therapy and prolonged use of hormonal contraceptives.

9. Family History: Having first-degree relatives (parents, siblings) who have had cancer can increase the risk of the disease, indicating a possible genetic predisposition.

10. Lifestyle: Lifestyle factors such as lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, and chronic stress can also contribute to cancer development.

It’s important to emphasize that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee the development of cancer, and many people who develop cancer have no apparent risk factors. Additionally, preventive measures such as adopting healthy habits, regular screenings, and vaccinations against cancer-associated infections can help reduce the risk of developing the disease. Early understanding and identification of risk factors are crucial for cancer prevention and control.

Symptoms.

Cancer is a complex disease and can present a variety of symptoms depending on the specific type and stage of the cancer. It’s important to note that the presence of one or more symptoms does not necessarily mean a person has cancer, as many medical conditions can cause similar symptoms. However, it is crucial to be aware of persistent signs and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation. Below are some general symptoms that may be associated with cancer:

1. Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without any apparent reason can be a symptom of various types of cancer.

2. Persistent Fatigue: Extreme and persistent fatigue that does not improve with rest can be a sign of cancer.

3. Recurrent or Prolonged Fever: Persistent fever not related to a common infection can be a symptom, especially in advanced cases of cancer.

4. Skin Changes: Changes in the color, texture, or shape of moles or skin spots can indicate skin cancer.

5. Changes in Bowel or Bladder Habits: Persistent changes in bowel movements, such as diarrhea or constipation, can be symptoms of colorectal cancer. Blood in the urine can be a sign of bladder cancer.

6. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness: Chronic cough, hoarseness, or persistent changes in the voice can be symptoms of lung or throat cancer.

7. Continuous and Unexplained Pain: Persistent and unexplained pain can be symptoms of various types of cancer, depending on the affected area.

8. Lumps or Swellings: Palpable lumps in areas such as the breasts, testicles, armpits, or neck can be signs of cancer.

9. Difficulty Swallowing: Persistent difficulty swallowing can be a symptom of esophageal cancer.

10. Changes in Menstrual Cycles: Sudden changes in menstrual patterns, irregular bleeding, or constant pelvic pain can be signs of gynecological cancer.

It’s important to note that many cancers are asymptomatic in the early stages, highlighting the importance of preventive screenings and early detection. If you or someone you know exhibits concerning symptoms, it is advisable to seek the guidance of a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and diagnosis.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of cancer is a complex process that involves different stages, from the initial suspicion to the definitive confirmation. Early identification is crucial for effective treatment, and the diagnostic approach can vary depending on the specific type of cancer. Below are some of the main stages of the diagnostic process:

1. Clinical Evaluation: The investigation often begins with a medical consultation. The healthcare professional asks detailed questions about the symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, and risk factors. A physical examination is also conducted to identify any visible or palpable signs of abnormalities.

2. Imaging Tests: Various imaging tests can be performed to obtain a detailed view of the body’s interior. This may include X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasounds, and PET-CT scans. These tests help identify the presence of tumors, determine their size and location, and assess whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

3. Biopsy: A biopsy is often necessary to confirm the diagnosis of cancer. During this procedure, a small sample of suspicious tissue is taken for laboratory analysis. There are different types of biopsies, including fine needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy. Analyzing the sample allows determining the type of cancer, the degree of aggressiveness, and other important characteristics.

4. Laboratory Tests: In addition to analyzing the tissue obtained from the biopsy, other laboratory tests can be performed to evaluate tumor markers, which are substances released by cancer into the blood or other body fluids. These markers can provide additional information about the cancer and its response to treatment.

5. Staging: Staging is a process that assesses the extent of cancer and whether it has spread to other parts of the body. This is essential for determining the most appropriate treatment approach. Staging may involve additional imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRIs, and is generally expressed in stages numbered from 0 to IV.

6. Multidisciplinary Team: Diagnosing and treating cancer often involves a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, surgeons, nurses, and other specialists. The collaboration of these professionals is crucial for developing a comprehensive and personalized treatment plan.

After the diagnosis, the patient and their healthcare team work together to develop an appropriate treatment plan, which may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or other approaches, depending on the type and stage of cancer. Emotional and psychological support also plays a significant role in the coping and recovery process.

Treatment

Cancer treatment can vary significantly based on the specific type of cancer, the stage of the disease, the location of the tumor, and other individual patient factors. Generally, cancer treatment involves a combination of therapeutic approaches, which may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. The choice of treatment is personalized for each patient and is determined by the medical team, taking various aspects into account. Below are some of the main modalities of cancer treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgery is often performed to remove the tumor and, if necessary, surrounding affected tissue. In some cases, surgery can be curative, especially if the cancer is localized in a specific area and has not spread.

2. Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses radiation beams to damage cancer cells and prevent their growth. It can be administered externally (with machines that emit radiation) or internally (by implanting radiation sources directly into the body). Radiation therapy is often used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells.

3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs to destroy or inhibit the growth of cancer cells. It is often administered intravenously, but can also be given orally or by injection. Chemotherapy is frequently used when cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

4. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy activates the patient’s immune system to fight cancer cells. It may involve using drugs that stimulate the immune system or therapies that introduce modified immune cells into the body. Immunotherapy has been effective in various types of cancer.

5. Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs designed to specifically target cancer cells by blocking the signals that make them grow and divide. This approach is more precise and selective than conventional chemotherapy, directly targeting the specific characteristics of cancer cells.

6. Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy is often used in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer. It involves manipulating hormone levels to prevent cancer cells from growing.

7. Bone Marrow or Stem Cell Transplant: In some cases, especially in hematological diseases, a bone marrow or stem cell transplant may be recommended to replace damaged blood cells with healthy cells.

It is important to emphasize that cancer treatment is often individualized, and patients may receive a combination of different therapeutic modalities. Additionally, the treatment approach may be adjusted over time based on the patient’s response and changes in the disease’s progression. Multidisciplinary support, including palliative care and psychological support, also plays a fundamental role in comprehensive cancer treatment. The ultimate goal is to control the disease, improve the quality of life, and, whenever possible, achieve a cure.

Side Effects of Treatment

Side effects vary depending on the medications and the individual patient’s body. Chemotherapy can cause apathy, loss of appetite, hair loss, susceptibility to infections, and more. Radiation therapy can leave the skin sensitive. Specific care, such as maintaining a proper diet and strict hygiene, is necessary during and after treatment.

Remember, the information provided here is general and does not replace consultation with a healthcare professional for specific guidance on individual cases.